ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF COAL MINING

Аннотация

Coal mining has a significant impact on the environment by altering natural ecosystems, degrading land resources, and affecting the quality of air and water. As global energy demand continues to grow, coal remains one of the primary energy resources in many countries. In India, coal has been the dominant source of energy for several decades, supplying approximately 27% of the world's commercial energy demand and playing a crucial role in industrial and economic development. However, extensive coal extraction has resulted in considerable environmental challenges that require effective management and sustainable mining practices. This study analyzes the environmental consequences of coal mining, with particular emphasis on open-pit and underground mining methods. Geological conditions determine the choice of extraction technology, while each mining method produces different types and volumes of environmental impacts. The research examines land degradation, habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, waste generation, and pollution associated with coal mining activities. Special attention is given to the accumulation and disposal of mining waste, which represents one of the major environmental concerns in coal-producing regions. The analysis demonstrates that inadequate waste management and uncontrolled disposal of mining residues lead to soil degradation, contamination of surface and groundwater resources, deterioration of air quality, and long-term ecological imbalance. These environmental impacts also negatively influence the health and quality of life of nearby communities. The findings highlight the necessity of implementing environmentally responsible mining technologies, improving waste management systems, strengthening environmental monitoring, and adopting sustainable land reclamation measures. The proposed recommendations can contribute to reducing the ecological footprint of coal mining while supporting the sustainable development of mining regions.